中册 4.2 定积分计算 第12题
📝 题目
12.求下列积分.
(1) $\displaystyle \int_{-1}^{1} \frac{2 x^{2}+x \cos x}{1+\sqrt{1-x^{2}}} \mathrm{~d} x$ .(华北水电 2007)
(2) $\int_{-\pi}^{\pi}\left(x^{7} \mathrm{e}^{|x|}+\mathrm{e}^{|x|} \cos x\right) \mathrm{d} x$ .
(3) $\displaystyle \int_{-1}^{1} \frac{x\left(x+\ln \left(x^{2}+1\right)\right)}{1+x^{2}} \mathrm{~d} x$ .
(4) $\displaystyle \int_{0}^{1} \frac{\mathrm{~d} x}{\mathrm{e}^{x}+\mathrm{e}^{-x}}+\int_{-1}^{1} x^{2007} \ln \left(x^{2}+\cos x\right) \mathrm{d} x$ .
(5) $\int_{1}^{\mathrm{e}} x^{2} \ln x \mathrm{~d} x+\int_{-2002}^{2002} x^{2003} \ln \left(x^{4}+x^{2}+1\right) \mathrm{d} x$ 。
(6) $\displaystyle \int_{-1}^{1} \frac{\ln \left(x+\sqrt{x^{2}+1}\right)}{1+\cos ^{2} x} \mathrm{~d} x$ .
(7) $\displaystyle \int_{-2}^{2} x^{2}\left(\frac{\sin ^{3} x}{1+x^{6}}+\sqrt{4-x^{2}}\right) \mathrm{d} x$ .
(8) $\int_{-1}^{1} x\left(1+x^{1997}\right)\left(\mathrm{e}^{x}-\mathrm{e}^{-x}\right) \mathrm{d} x$ .
(9) $\displaystyle \int_{\frac{1}{2}}^{\frac{1}{2}}\left(x^{2004} \ln \left(x+\sqrt{1+x^{2}}\right)+\frac{x \arcsin x}{\sqrt{1-x^{2}}}\right) \mathrm{d} x$ .
(10) $\displaystyle \int_{-\frac{1}{2}}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{x \arcsin x}{\sqrt{1-x^{2}}} \mathrm{~d} x$ 。
(11) $\displaystyle \int_{-\frac{\pi}{2}}^{\frac{\pi}{2}} \frac{x+\cos x}{1+\sin ^{2} x} \mathrm{~d} x$ .
(12) $\displaystyle \int_{-\frac{\pi}{4}}^{\frac{\pi}{4}}\left(\tan ^{2} x+\tan x \cos ^{2} x\right) \mathrm{d} x$ .
💡 答案解析
\section*{解题过程:}
(1)令 $x=\sin t$ ,则
$$
\begin{aligned}
\int_{-1}^{1} \frac{2 x^{2}+x \cos x}{1+\sqrt{1-x^{2}}} \mathrm{~d} x & =4 \int_{0}^{1} \frac{x^{2}}{1+\sqrt{1-x^{2}}} \mathrm{~d} x=4 \int_{0}^{1}\left(1-\sqrt{1-x^{2}}\right) \mathrm{d} x \\
& =4 \int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{2}}(1-\cos t) \cos t \mathrm{~d} t=4\left(1-\frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{\pi}{2}\right)=4-\pi
\end{aligned}
$$
(2) $\displaystyle \int_{-\pi}^{\pi}\left(x^{7} \mathrm{e}^{|x|}+\mathrm{e}^{|x|} \cos x\right) \mathrm{d} x=\int_{-\pi}^{\pi} \mathrm{e}^{|x|} \cos x \mathrm{~d} x=2 \int_{0}^{\pi} \mathrm{e}^{x} \cos x \mathrm{~d} x=\left.2 \frac{\mathrm{e}^{x}(\cos x+\sin x)}{2}\right|_{0} ^{\pi}=-\mathrm{e}^{\pi}-1$ .
(3) $\displaystyle \int_{-1}^{1} \frac{x\left(x+\ln \left(x^{2}+1\right)\right)}{1+x^{2}} \mathrm{~d} x=\int_{-1}^{1} \frac{x^{2}}{1+x^{2}} \mathrm{~d} x=2 \int_{0}^{1}\left(1-\frac{1}{1+x^{2}}\right) \mathrm{d} x=\left.2(x-\arctan x)\right|_{0} ^{1}=2-\frac{\pi}{2}$ .
(4) $\displaystyle \int_{0}^{1} \frac{\mathrm{~d} x}{\mathrm{e}^{x}+\mathrm{e}^{-x}}+\int_{-1}^{1} x^{2007} \ln \left(x^{2}+\cos x\right) \mathrm{d} x=\int_{0}^{1} \frac{\mathrm{~d} x}{\mathrm{e}^{x}+\mathrm{e}^{-x}}=\int_{0}^{1} \frac{\mathrm{e}^{x} \mathrm{~d} x}{\mathrm{e}^{2 x}+1}=\left.\arctan \mathrm{e}^{x}\right|_{0} ^{1}=\arctan \mathrm{e}-\frac{\pi}{4}$ .
(5) $\int_{1}^{\mathrm{e}} x^{2} \ln x \mathrm{~d} x+\int_{-2002}^{2002} x^{2003} \ln \left(x^{4}+x^{2}+1\right) \mathrm{d} x$
$$
=\int_{1}^{\mathrm{e}} x^{2} \ln x \mathrm{~d} x=\frac{1}{3}\left(\left.x^{3} \ln x\right|_{1} ^{\mathrm{e}}-\int_{1}^{\mathrm{e}} x^{2} \mathrm{~d} x\right)=\frac{1}{3}\left[\mathrm{e}^{3}-\frac{1}{3}\left(\mathrm{e}^{3}-1\right)\right]=\frac{1}{3^{2}}\left(2 \mathrm{e}^{3}+1\right) .
$$
(6)因为 $\displaystyle \frac{\ln \left(x+\sqrt{x^{2}+1}\right)}{1+\cos ^{2} x}$ 是奇函数,所以 $\displaystyle \int_{-1}^{1} \frac{\ln \left(x+\sqrt{x^{2}+1}\right)}{1+\cos ^{2} x} \mathrm{~d} x=0$ .
(7) $\displaystyle \int_{-2}^{2} x^{2}\left(\frac{\sin ^{3} x}{1+x^{6}}+\sqrt{4-x^{2}}\right) \mathrm{d} x=2 \int_{0}^{2} x^{2} \sqrt{4-x^{2}} \mathrm{~d} x \xlongequal{x=2 \sin t} 32 \int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{2}} \sin ^{2} t \cos ^{2} t \mathrm{~d} t=2 \pi$ .
(8) $\int_{-1}^{1} x\left(1+x^{1997}\right)\left(\mathrm{e}^{x}-\mathrm{e}^{-x}\right) \mathrm{d} x=\int_{-1}^{1} x\left(\mathrm{e}^{x}-\mathrm{e}^{-x}\right) \mathrm{d} x+\int_{-1}^{1} x^{1998}\left(\mathrm{e}^{x}-\mathrm{e}^{-x}\right) \mathrm{d} x$ ,
其中,第一个积分的被积函数是偶函数,第二个积分的被积函数是奇函数,所以
$$
\begin{aligned}
\int_{-1}^{1} x\left(1+x^{1997}\right)\left(\mathrm{e}^{x}-\mathrm{e}^{-x}\right) \mathrm{d} x & =2 \int_{0}^{1} x\left(\mathrm{e}^{x}-\mathrm{e}^{-x}\right) \mathrm{d} x=2 \int_{0}^{1} x \mathrm{~d}\left(\mathrm{e}^{x}+\mathrm{e}^{-x}\right) \\
& =2\left[\left.x\left(\mathrm{e}^{x}+\mathrm{e}^{-x}\right)\right|_{0} ^{1}-\int_{0}^{1}\left(\mathrm{e}^{x}+\mathrm{e}^{-x}\right) \mathrm{d} x\right]=2\left[\left(\mathrm{e}+\mathrm{e}^{-1}\right)-\left.\left(\mathrm{e}^{x}-\mathrm{e}^{-x}\right)\right|_{0} ^{1}\right]=4 \mathrm{e}^{-1}
\end{aligned}
$$
(9)记 $\displaystyle I=\int_{-\frac{1}{2}}^{\frac{1}{2}}\left[x^{2004} \ln \left(x+\sqrt{1+x^{2}}\right)+\frac{x \arcsin x}{\sqrt{1-x^{2}}}\right] \mathrm{d} x$ ,因为 $x^{2004} \ln \left(x+\sqrt{1+x^{2}}\right)$ 是奇函数,$\displaystyle \frac{x \arcsin x}{\sqrt{1-x^{2}}}$是偶函数,所以 $\displaystyle I=2 \int_{0}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{x \arcsin x}{\sqrt{1-x^{2}}} \mathrm{~d} x$ .令 $t=\arcsin x$ ,则
$$
I=2 \int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{6}} \frac{t \sin t \cos t \mathrm{~d} t}{\cos t}=2 \int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{6}} t \sin t \mathrm{~d} t=\left.2(-t \cos t+\sin t)\right|_{0} ^{\frac{\pi}{6}}=1-\frac{\sqrt{3} \pi}{6}
$$
(10)记 $\displaystyle I=\int_{-\frac{1}{2}}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{x \arcsin x}{\sqrt{1-x^{2}}} \mathrm{~d} x$ .由于 $\displaystyle \frac{x \arcsin x}{\sqrt{1-x^{2}}}$ 是偶函数,所以 $\displaystyle I=2 \int_{0}^{\frac{1}{2}} \frac{x \arcsin x}{\sqrt{1-x^{2}}} \mathrm{~d} x$ .令 $t=\arcsin x$ ,则
$$
I=2 \int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{6}} \frac{t \sin t \cos t \mathrm{~d} t}{\cos t}=2 \int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{6}} t \sin t \mathrm{~d} t=\left.2(-t \cos t+\sin t)\right|_{0} ^{\frac{\pi}{6}}=1-\frac{\sqrt{3} \pi}{6}
$$
(11)因为 $\displaystyle \frac{x}{1+\sin ^{2} x}$ 是奇函数,$\displaystyle \frac{\cos x}{1+\sin ^{2} x}$ 是偶函数,故
$$
\int_{-\frac{\pi}{2}}^{\frac{\pi}{2}} \frac{x+\cos x}{1+\sin ^{2} x} \mathrm{~d} x=2 \int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{2}} \frac{\cos x}{1+\sin ^{2} x} \mathrm{~d} x=\left.2 \arctan (\sin x)\right|_{0} ^{\frac{\pi}{2}}=\pi
$$
(12) $\displaystyle \int_{-\frac{\pi}{4}}^{\frac{\pi}{4}}\left(\tan ^{2} x+\tan x \cos ^{2} x\right) \mathrm{d} x=2 \int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{4}} \tan ^{2} x \mathrm{~d} x=\left.2(\tan x-x)\right|_{0} ^{\frac{\pi}{4}}=2-\frac{\pi}{2}$ .
📋 详细解题步骤
步骤 1/5
目标:分析被积函数的奇偶性
对于积分 $\int_{-1}^{1} \frac{2 x^{2}+x \cos x}{1+\sqrt{1-x^{2}}} \mathrm{~d} x$,注意到 $\frac{x \cos x}{1+\sqrt{1-x^{2}}}$ 是奇函数,在对称区间上积分为零。因此原积分化为 $\int_{-1}^{1} \frac{2 x^{2}}{1+\sqrt{1-x^{2}}} \mathrm{~d} x$,再利用偶函数性质得 $4 \int_{0}^{1} \frac{x^{2}}{1+\sqrt{1-x^{2}}} \mathrm{~d} x$。
公式:奇函数在对称区间积分为零
提示:注意奇偶性判断:$x \cos x$ 是奇函数,分母为偶函数,整体为奇函数。
步骤 2/5
目标:有理化分母
对 $\frac{x^{2}}{1+\sqrt{1-x^{2}}}$ 分子分母同乘 $1-\sqrt{1-x^{2}}$,得 $\frac{x^{2}(1-\sqrt{1-x^{2}})}{1-(1-x^{2})}=1-\sqrt{1-x^{2}}$。所以 $4 \int_{0}^{1} \frac{x^{2}}{1+\sqrt{1-x^{2}}} \mathrm{~d} x = 4 \int_{0}^{1} (1-\sqrt{1-x^{2}}) \mathrm{d} x$。
公式:$\frac{x^{2}}{1+\sqrt{1-x^{2}}} = 1-\sqrt{1-x^{2}}$
提示:有理化时注意分母平方差公式。
步骤 3/5
目标:换元计算积分
令 $x = \sin t$,则 $\mathrm{d}x = \cos t \mathrm{d}t$,$\sqrt{1-x^{2}} = \cos t$,积分限 $x:0\to1$ 对应 $t:0\to\frac{\pi}{2}$。于是 $4 \int_{0}^{1} (1-\sqrt{1-x^{2}}) \mathrm{d}x = 4 \int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{2}} (1-\cos t) \cos t \mathrm{d}t = 4 \int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{2}} (\cos t - \cos^{2}t) \mathrm{d}t$。
公式:$\mathrm{d}x = \cos t \mathrm{d}t$
提示:换元后注意积分限变化。
步骤 4/5
目标:计算三角函数积分
计算 $\int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{2}} \cos t \mathrm{d}t = 1$,$\int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{2}} \cos^{2}t \mathrm{d}t = \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{\pi}{2} = \frac{\pi}{4}$。所以 $4(1 - \frac{\pi}{4}) = 4 - \pi$。
公式:$\int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{2}} \cos^{2}t \mathrm{d}t = \frac{\pi}{4}$
提示:注意 $\cos^{2}t$ 的积分公式。
步骤 5/5
目标:得出最终结果
因此原积分为 $4 - \pi$。
提示:检查计算是否准确。
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