上册 1.2 函数极限 第10题
📝 题目
10.求下列极限.
(1) $\displaystyle \lim _{x \rightarrow 0}\left(\frac{1}{x^{5}} \int_{0}^{x} \mathrm{e}^{-t^{2}} \mathrm{~d} t+\frac{1}{3} \frac{1}{x^{2}}-\frac{1}{x^{4}}\right)$ .
(2) $\displaystyle \lim _{x \rightarrow 0^{+}} \frac{\int_{0}^{x} \mathrm{e}^{-t^{2}} \mathrm{~d} t-x}{x-\sin x}$ .
(3) $\displaystyle \lim _{x \rightarrow 0} \frac{x-\int_{0}^{x} \mathrm{e}^{-t^{2}} \mathrm{~d} t}{x^{2} \sin x}$ .
(4) $\displaystyle \lim _{x \rightarrow 0} \frac{\int_{0}^{x} \mathrm{e}^{t^{2}} \mathrm{~d} t-x}{\ln ^{3}(1+x)}$ .
(5) $\displaystyle \lim _{x \rightarrow 0} \frac{\int_{0}^{x} \mathrm{e}^{-t^{2}} \mathrm{~d} t-x-\frac{x^{3}}{3}}{x^{2}(x-\sin x)}$ .
(6) $\displaystyle \lim _{x \rightarrow 0} \frac{\int_{0}^{x} \mathrm{e}^{\frac{t^{2}}{2}} \cos t \mathrm{~d} t-x}{\left(\mathrm{e}^{x}-1\right)^{2}\left(1-\cos ^{2} x\right) \arctan x}$ .
💡 答案解析
\section*{解题过程:}
(1) $\displaystyle \lim _{x \rightarrow 0}\left(\frac{1}{x^{5}} \int_{0}^{x} \mathrm{e}^{-t^{2}} \mathrm{~d} t+\frac{1}{3} \frac{1}{x^{2}}-\frac{1}{x^{4}}\right)$
$\displaystyle =\lim _{x \rightarrow 0} \frac{1}{x^{5}}\left(\int_{0}^{x} \mathrm{e}^{-t^{2}} \mathrm{~d} t+\frac{x^{3}}{3}-x\right)=\lim _{x \rightarrow 0} \frac{1}{x^{5}}\left(x-\frac{x^{3}}{3}+\frac{x^{5}}{10}+o\left(x^{5}\right)+\frac{x^{3}}{3}-x\right)=\frac{1}{10}$ .
(2) $\displaystyle \lim _{x \rightarrow 0^{+}} \frac{\int_{0}^{x} \mathrm{e}^{-t^{2}} \mathrm{~d} t-x}{x-\sin x}=\lim _{x \rightarrow 0^{+}} \frac{\mathrm{e}^{-x^{2}}-1}{1-\cos x}=\lim _{x \rightarrow 0^{+}} \frac{-x^{2}}{\frac{x^{2}}{2}}=-2$ .
(3) $\displaystyle \lim _{x \rightarrow 0} \frac{x-\int_{0}^{x} \mathrm{e}^{t^{2}} \mathrm{~d} t}{x^{2} \sin x}=\lim _{x \rightarrow 0} \frac{x-\int_{0}^{x} \mathrm{e}^{t^{2}} \mathrm{~d} t}{x^{3}}=\lim _{x \rightarrow 0} \frac{1-\mathrm{e}^{x^{2}}}{3 x^{2}}=\lim _{x \rightarrow 0} \frac{-2 x \mathrm{e}^{x^{2}}}{6 x}=-\frac{1}{3}$ .
(4) $\displaystyle \lim _{x \rightarrow 0} \frac{\int_{0}^{x} \mathrm{e}^{t^{2}} \mathrm{~d} t-x}{\ln ^{3}(1+x)}=-\lim _{x \rightarrow 0} \frac{x-\int_{0}^{x} \mathrm{e}^{t^{2}} \mathrm{~d} t}{x^{3}}=-\lim _{x \rightarrow 0} \frac{1-\mathrm{e}^{x^{2}}}{3 x^{2}}=-\lim _{x \rightarrow 0} \frac{-2 x \mathrm{e}^{x^{2}}}{6 x}=\frac{1}{3}$ .
(5) $\displaystyle \lim _{x \rightarrow 0} \frac{\int_{0}^{x} \mathrm{e}^{-t^{2}} \mathrm{~d} t-x-\frac{x^{3}}{3}}{x^{2}(x-\sin x)}=\lim _{x \rightarrow 0} \frac{\int_{0}^{x} \mathrm{e}^{-t^{2}} \mathrm{~d} t-x-\frac{x^{3}}{3}}{x^{5}} \frac{x^{3}}{(x-\sin x)}$
$$
\begin{aligned}
& =\lim _{x \rightarrow 0} \frac{\int_{0}^{x}\left(1-t^{2}+\frac{1}{2} t^{4}+o\left(t^{5}\right)\right) \mathrm{d} t-x-\frac{x^{3}}{3}}{x^{5}} \frac{x^{3}}{x-x+\frac{1}{6} x^{3}+o\left(x^{3}\right)} \\
& =6 \cdot \lim _{x \rightarrow 0} \frac{x-\frac{x^{3}}{3}+\frac{1}{10} x^{5}+o\left(x^{5}\right)-x-\frac{x^{3}}{3}}{x^{5}}=\frac{3}{5} .
\end{aligned}
$$
(6) $\displaystyle \lim _{x \rightarrow 0} \frac{\int_{0}^{x} \mathrm{e}^{\frac{t^{2}}{2}} \cos t \mathrm{~d} t-x}{\left(\mathrm{e}^{x}-1\right)^{2}\left(1-\cos ^{2} x\right) \arctan x}=\lim _{x \rightarrow 0} \frac{\int_{0}^{x} \mathrm{e}^{\frac{t^{2}}{2}} \cos t \mathrm{~d} t-x}{x^{2} \sin ^{2} x \cdot x}=\lim _{x \rightarrow 0} \frac{\int_{0}^{x} \mathrm{e}^{\frac{t^{2}}{2}} \cos t \mathrm{~d} t-x}{x^{5}}=\lim _{x \rightarrow 0} \frac{\mathrm{e}^{\frac{x^{2}}{2}} \cos x-1}{5 x^{4}}$
$$
\begin{aligned}
& =\lim _{x \rightarrow 0} \frac{\left(1+\frac{x^{2}}{2}+\frac{1}{2} \frac{x^{4}}{4}+o\left(x^{4}\right)\right)\left(1-\frac{1}{2} x^{2}+\frac{1}{4!} x^{4}+o\left(x^{4}\right)\right)-1}{5 x^{4}} \\
& =\frac{1}{5} \lim _{x \rightarrow 0} \frac{\frac{x^{4}}{8}-\frac{1}{4} x^{4}+\frac{1}{4!} x^{4}+o\left(x^{4}\right)}{x^{4}}=-\frac{1}{70}
\end{aligned}
$$
📋 详细解题步骤
步骤 1/3
目标:展开被积函数并积分
将 $\mathrm{e}^{-t^{2}}$ 展开为泰勒级数:$\mathrm{e}^{-t^{2}} = 1 - t^{2} + \frac{t^{4}}{2} - \frac{t^{6}}{6} + \cdots$,然后从0到x积分:$\int_{0}^{x} \mathrm{e}^{-t^{2}} \mathrm{~d} t = x - \frac{x^{3}}{3} + \frac{x^{5}}{10} + o(x^{5})$。
公式:$\mathrm{e}^{-t^{2}} = \sum_{n=0}^{\infty} \frac{(-1)^{n} t^{2n}}{n!}$
提示:注意展开到足够高阶,确保分母为$x^5$时分子有$x^5$项。
步骤 2/3
目标:代入原极限表达式
将积分展开代入原式:$\frac{1}{x^{5}}\left(\int_{0}^{x} \mathrm{e}^{-t^{2}} \mathrm{~d} t + \frac{x^{3}}{3} - x\right) = \frac{1}{x^{5}}\left( x - \frac{x^{3}}{3} + \frac{x^{5}}{10} + o(x^{5}) + \frac{x^{3}}{3} - x \right) = \frac{1}{x^{5}}\left( \frac{x^{5}}{10} + o(x^{5}) \right)$。
提示:注意合并同类项时,$x$和$-x$抵消,$-\frac{x^{3}}{3}$和$+\frac{x^{3}}{3}$抵消。
步骤 3/3
目标:求极限
化简得 $\frac{1}{10} + \frac{o(x^{5})}{x^{5}}$,当 $x \to 0$ 时,$\frac{o(x^{5})}{x^{5}} \to 0$,故极限为 $\frac{1}{10}$。
公式:$\lim_{x \to 0} \frac{o(x^{5})}{x^{5}} = 0$
提示:确保余项是比$x^5$高阶的无穷小。
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