2026年考研数学三第17题
📝 题目
(本题满分 10 分)已知函数 $\mathrm{f}(\mathrm{x})$ 满足 $f(x)=\displaystyle\frac{1}{(2-x)^{2}}-\displaystyle\int_{0}^{1} f(x) \mathrm{d} x$ ,将 $\mathrm{f}(\mathrm{x})$ 展开成 $x$ 的幂级数。
💡 答案解析
**答案**: $f(x)=\displaystyle\sum_{n=1}^{\infty} \displaystyle\frac{n+1}{2^{n+2}} x^{n}, x \in(-2,2)$
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**解析**:
已知函数 $f(x)$ 满足 $f(x)=\displaystyle\frac{1}{(2-x)^{2}}-\displaystyle\int_{0}^{1} f(x) d x$ ,将 $f(x)$ 展开成 $x$ 的幂级数. 【解析】第一步,求 $f(x)$ 表达式.
设 $\displaystyle\int_{0}^{1} f(x) \mathrm{d} x=A$ ,条件化为 $f(x)=\displaystyle\frac{1}{(2-x)^{2}}-A$ , 方程两边在区间 $[0,1]$ 上积分,得 $A=\displaystyle\int_{0}^{1} f(x) \mathrm{d} x=\displaystyle\int_{0}^{1}\left(\displaystyle\frac{1}{(2-x)^{2}}-A\right) \mathrm{d} x=\displaystyle\frac{1}{2}-A$ ,得 $A=\displaystyle\frac{1}{4}$ , 从而 $f(x)=\displaystyle\frac{1}{(2-x)^{2}}-\displaystyle\frac{1}{4}, x \neq 2$ . 第二步,求 $f(x)$ 的幂级数展开式.
由 $\displaystyle\int f(x) \mathrm{d} x=\displaystyle\frac{1}{2-x}-\displaystyle\frac{1}{4} x+C=\displaystyle\frac{1}{2} \cdot \displaystyle\frac{1}{1-\displaystyle\frac{x}{2}}-\displaystyle\frac{1}{4} x+C=\displaystyle\frac{1}{2} \displaystyle\sum_{n=0}^{\infty}\left(\displaystyle\frac{x}{2}\right)^{n}-\displaystyle\frac{1}{4} x+C=\displaystyle\sum_{n=0}^{\infty} \displaystyle\frac{x^{n}}{2^{n+1}}-\displaystyle\frac{1}{4} x+C$ ,
得 $f(x)=\displaystyle\sum_{n=1}^{\infty} \displaystyle\frac{n x^{n-1}}{2^{n+1}}-\displaystyle\frac{1}{4}=\displaystyle\sum_{n=2}^{\infty} \displaystyle\frac{n x^{n-1}}{2^{n+1}}=\displaystyle\sum_{n=1}^{\infty} \displaystyle\frac{n+1}{2^{n+2}} x^{n}$ . 第三步,求收敛域. $\displaystyle\lim _{n \rightarrow \infty} \sqrt[n]{\left|\displaystyle\frac{n+1}{2^{n+2}} x^{n}\right|}=\displaystyle\frac{|x|}{2}\lt 1$ ,故收敛区间为 $(-2,2)$ . $x=2$ 时,$f(x)$ 无定义;$x=-2$ 时,$\displaystyle\sum_{n=1}^{\infty} \displaystyle\frac{n+1}{2^{n+2}}(-2)^{n}=\displaystyle\sum_{n=1}^{\infty}(-1)^{n} \displaystyle\frac{n+1}{4}$ 发散;所以收敛域为 $(-2,2)$ . 综上,$f(x)=\displaystyle\sum_{n=1}^{\infty} \displaystyle\frac{n+1}{2^{n+2}} x^{n}, x \in(-2,2)$ . 18.(本题满分 12 分) 已知函数 $g(x)$ 连续,设 $f(x)=\displaystyle\int_{0}^{x^{2}} g(x t) \mathrm{d} t$ ,求 $f^{\prime}(x)$ 的表达式,并判断 $f^{\prime}(x)$ 在 $x=0$ 处的连续性. 【解析】当 $x=0$ 时,$f(0)=0$ ;当 $x \neq 0$ 时,利用换元 $u=x t$ 得 $f(x)=\displaystyle\frac{\displaystyle\int_{0}^{x^{3}} g(u) \mathrm{d} u}{x}$ , 即 $f(x)=\left\{\begin{array}{cc}\displaystyle\frac{\displaystyle\int_{0}^{x^{3}} g(u) \mathrm{d} u}{x} & , x \neq 0, \\ 0 & , x=0\end{array}\right.$ 从而 $x=0$ 时,$f^{\prime}(0)=\displaystyle\lim _{x \rightarrow 0} \displaystyle\frac{f(x)-f(0)}{x-0}=\displaystyle\lim _{x \rightarrow 0} \displaystyle\frac{\displaystyle\int_{0}^{x^{3}} g(u) \mathrm{d} u}{x^{2}}=\displaystyle\lim _{x \rightarrow 0} \displaystyle\frac{g\left(x^{3}\right) \cdot 3 x^{2}}{2 x}=g(0) \cdot 0=0$ , 当 $x \neq 0$ 时,$f^{\prime}(x)=\displaystyle\frac{g\left(x^{3}\right) \cdot 3 x^{2} \cdot x-\displaystyle\int_{0}^{x^{3}} g(u) \mathrm{d} u \cdot 1}{x^{2}}$ , 即 $f^{\prime}(x)=\left\{\begin{array}{cc}\displaystyle\frac{3 x^{3} g\left(x^{3}\right)-\displaystyle\int_{0}^{x^{3}} g(u) d u}{x^{2}}, & x \neq 0, \\ 0, & x=0\end{array}\right.$ 由 $\displaystyle\lim _{x \rightarrow 0} f^{\prime}(x)=\displaystyle\lim _{x \rightarrow 0} \displaystyle\frac{3 x^{3} g\left(x^{3}\right)-\displaystyle\int_{0}^{x^{3}} g(u) d u}{x^{2}}=0-0=0=f^{\prime}(0)$ ,得 $f^{\prime}(x)$ 在点 $x=0$ 连续。 19.(本题满分 12 分) 求 $f(x, y)=\left(2 x^{2}-y^{2}\right) e^{x}$ 的极值. 【解析】极大值为 $f(-2,0)=8 e^{-2}$ $\left\{\begin{array}{l}f_{x}^{\prime}=4 x e^{x}+\left(2 x^{2}-y^{2}\right) e^{x}=0 \\ f_{y}^{\prime}=-2 y e^{x}=0\end{array} \Rightarrow P_{1}(0,0), P_{2}(-2,0)\right.$. $f_{x x}^{\prime \prime}=4 e^{x}+8 x e^{x}+\left(2 x^{2}-y^{2}\right) e^{x}, f_{x y}^{\prime \prime}=-2 y e^{x}, f_{y y}^{\prime \prime}=-2 e^{x}$, 对于 $P_{1}(0,0), A=4, B=0, C=-2, \because A C-B^{2}\lt 0 \therefore P_{1}(0,0)$ 不是极值点. 对于 $P_{2}(-2,0), A=-4 e^{-2}, B=0, C=-2 e^{-2}, \because A C-B^{2}\gt 0, A\lt 0 \therefore P_{2}(-2,0)$ 为极大值点, 所以极大值为 $f(-2,0)=8 e^{-2}$ . 20.(本题满分 12 分) 设平面区域 $D=\{(x, y) \mid 0 \leq x \leq 1,0 \leq y \leq 1\}$ ,计算二重积分 $\iint_{D} \displaystyle\frac{y}{\left(1+x^{2}+y^{2}\right)^{\displaystyle\frac{3}{2}}} d x d y$ . 【解析】 $\iint_{D} \displaystyle\frac{y}{\left(1+x^{2}+y^{2}\right)^{\displaystyle\frac{3}{2}}} d x d y$ $=\displaystyle\int_{0}^{1} d x \displaystyle\int_{0}^{1} \displaystyle\frac{y}{\left(1+x^{2}+y^{2}\right)^{\displaystyle\frac{3}{2}}} d y$ $=\displaystyle\frac{1}{2} \displaystyle\int_{0}^{1} d x \displaystyle\int_{0}^{1} \displaystyle\frac{1}{\left(1+x^{2}+y^{2}\right)^{\displaystyle\frac{3}{2}}} d\left(1+x^{2}+y^{2}\right)$ $=\left.\displaystyle\frac{1}{2} \cdot(-2) \cdot \displaystyle\int_{0}^{1}\left(1+x^{2}+y^{2}\right)^{\displaystyle\frac{-1}{2}}\right|_{0} ^{1} d x=\displaystyle\int_{0}^{1}\left(1+x^{2}\right)^{-\displaystyle\frac{1}{2}} d x-\displaystyle\int_{0}^{1}\left(2+x^{2}\right)^{-\displaystyle\frac{1}{2}} d x$ $=\left.\ln \left(x+\sqrt{1+x^{2}}\right)\right|_{0} ^{1}-\left.\ln \left(x+\sqrt{2+x^{2}}\right)\right|_{0} ^{1}\left(\right.$ 利用 $\left.\displaystyle\int \displaystyle\frac{1}{\sqrt{a^{2}+x^{2}}} d x=\ln \left(x+\sqrt{a^{2}+x^{2}}\right)+C\right)$ $=\ln (1+\sqrt{2})-[\ln (1+\sqrt{3})-\ln \sqrt{2}]=\ln (2+\sqrt{2})-\ln (1+\sqrt{3})$ . 21.(本题满分 12 分) 已知向量组 $\alpha_{1}=\left(\begin{array}{c}1 \\ 0 \\ -1 \\ -1\end{array}\right), \alpha_{2}=\left(\begin{array}{c}1 \\ -1 \\ 0 \\ -2\end{array}\right), \alpha_{3}=\left(\begin{array}{c}0 \\ -1 \\ 1 \\ -1\end{array}\right), \alpha_{4}=\left(\begin{array}{c}0 \\ 1 \\ -1 \\ 1\end{array}\right)$ ,记 $A=\left(\alpha_{1}, \alpha_{2}, \alpha_{3}, \alpha_{4}\right)$ , $G=\left(\alpha_{1}, \alpha_{2}\right)$. (1)证明:$\alpha_{1}, \alpha_{2}$ 是 $\alpha_{1}, \alpha_{2}, \alpha_{3}, \alpha_{4}$ 的极大线性无关组。 (2)求矩阵 $H$ 使得 $A=G H$ ,并求 $A^{10}$ .
【解析】(1)由 $\left(\alpha_{1}, \alpha_{2}, \alpha_{3}, \alpha_{4}\right)=\left(\begin{array}{cccc}1 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & -1 & -1 & 1 \\ -1 & 0 & 1 & -1 \\ -1 & -2 & -1 & 1\end{array}\right) \rightarrow\left(\begin{array}{cccc}1 & 0 & -1 & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & 1 & -1 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0\end{array}\right)$ 故 $r\left(\alpha_{1}, \alpha_{2}\right)=r\left(\alpha_{1}, \alpha_{2}, \alpha_{3}, \alpha_{4}\right)=2$ ,故极大线性无关组中有 2 个向量,又由 $\alpha_{1}, \alpha_{2}, \alpha_{3}, \alpha_{4}$ 均可由 $\alpha_{1}, \alpha_{2}$ 线性表示,故 $\alpha_{1}, \alpha_{2}$ 为向量组 $\alpha_{1}, \alpha_{2}, \alpha_{3}, \alpha_{4}$ 的一个极大线性无关组. (2)由(1)知 $\alpha_{3}=-\alpha_{1}+\alpha_{2}, \alpha_{4}=\alpha_{1}-\alpha_{2}$ ,故 $\left(\alpha_{1}, \alpha_{2}, \alpha_{3}, \alpha_{4}\right)=\left(\alpha_{1}, \alpha_{2}\right)\left(\begin{array}{cccc}1 & 0 & -1 & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & 1 & -1\end{array}\right)$ , 故 $H=\left(\begin{array}{cccc}1 & 0 & -1 & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & 1 & -1\end{array}\right)$ ,由于 $A=G H$ , 故 $A^{10}=G H \cdot G H \cdot G H \cdot \mathrm{~L} G H=G(H G)^{9} H$ , 由 $H G=\left(\begin{array}{cccc}1 & 0 & -1 & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & 1 & -1\end{array}\right)\left(\begin{array}{cc}1 & 1 \\ 0 & -1 \\ -1 & 0 \\ -1 & -2\end{array}\right)=\left(\begin{array}{cc}1 & -1 \\ 0 & 1\end{array}\right)$ , 故 $(H G)^{9}=\left(\begin{array}{cc}1 & -9 \\ 0 & 1\end{array}\right)$ , 则 $A^{10}=G(H G)^{9} H=\left(\begin{array}{cc}1 & 1 \\ 0 & -1 \\ -1 & 0 \\ -1 & -2\end{array}\right)\left(\begin{array}{cc}1 & -9 \\ 0 & 1\end{array}\right)\left(\begin{array}{cccc}1 & 0 & -1 & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & 1 & -1\end{array}\right)$ $=\left(\begin{array}{cccc}1 & -8 & -9 & 9 \\ 0 & -1 & -1 & 1 \\ -1 & 9 & 10 & -10 \\ -1 & 7 & 8 & -8\end{array}\right)$ . 22.(本题满分 12 分) 假设某种元件的寿命服从指数分布,其均值 $\theta$ 是未知参数.为估计 $\theta$ ,取 $n$ 个这种元件同时做寿命试验,试验到出现 $k(1 \leq k \leq n)$ 个元件失效时停止. (1)若 $k=1$ ,失效元件的寿命记为 $T$ ,(i)求 $T$ 的概率密度;(ii)记 $\hat{\theta}=a T$ ,确定 $a$ ,使 $E(\hat{\theta})=\theta$ ,并求 $D(\hat{\theta})$ . (2)已知 $k$ 个失效元件的寿命值分别为 $t_{1}, t_{2}, \ldots, t_{k}$ ,且 $t_{1} \leq t_{2} \leq \ldots \leq t_{k}$ ,似然函数为 $L(\theta)=\displaystyle\frac{1}{\theta^{k}} e^{-\displaystyle\frac{1}{\theta}\left[\displaystyle\sum_{i=1}^{k} t_{i}+(n-k) t_{k}\right]}$ ,求 $\theta$ 的最大似然估计值. 【解析】(1)(i)$X$ 为元件的寿命,分布函数为 $F(x)=\left\{\begin{array}{cc}0, & x\lt 0 \\ 1-e^{-\displaystyle\frac{x}{\theta},} & x \geq 0\end{array}\right.$ , 概率密度为 $f(x)=\left\{\begin{array}{l}\displaystyle\frac{1}{\theta} e^{-\displaystyle\frac{x}{\theta}}, x\gt 0 \\ 0, \text { 其他 }\end{array} . T=\min \left\{X_{1}, X_{2}, \mathrm{~L} X_{n}\right\}\right.$ . $F_{T}(t)=P\{T \leq t\}=1-P\{T\gt t\}=1-P\left\{\min \left\{X_{1}, X_{2}, \mathrm{~L} X_{n}\right\}\gt t\right\}$ $=1-P\left\{X_{1}\gt t\right\} P\left\{X_{2}\gt t\right\} \mathrm{L} P\left\{X_{n}\gt t\right\}=1-\prod_{i=1}^{n} P\left\{X_{i}\gt t\right\}=1-[1-F(t)]^{n}=\left\{\begin{array}{cc}0, & t\lt 0 \\ 1-e^{-\displaystyle\frac{n t}{\theta}}, & t \geq 0\end{array}\right.$. $f_{T}(t)=\left\{\begin{array}{l}\displaystyle\frac{n}{\theta} e^{-\displaystyle\frac{n t}{\theta}}, t\gt 0 \\ 0 \quad, \text { 其他 }\end{array}\right.$ . (ii)$T \sim E\left(\displaystyle\frac{n}{\theta}\right), \quad E(\AA)=E(a T)=a E(T)=a \displaystyle\frac{\theta}{n}=\theta$ ,得 $a=n \cdot D(\AA)=D(a T)=a^{2} D(T)=a^{2}\left(\displaystyle\frac{\theta}{n}\right)^{2}=\theta^{2}$. (2) $\ln L(\theta)=-k \ln \theta-\displaystyle\frac{1}{\theta}\left[\displaystyle\sum_{i=1}^{k} t_{i}+(n-k) t_{k}\right], \displaystyle\frac{d \ln L(\theta)}{d \theta}=\displaystyle\frac{-k}{\theta}+\displaystyle\frac{1}{\theta^{2}}\left[\displaystyle\sum_{i=1}^{k} t_{i}+(n-k) t_{k}\right]$ , 令 $\displaystyle\frac{d \ln L(\theta)}{d \theta}=0$ ,得 $\oint=\displaystyle\frac{1}{k}\left[\displaystyle\sum_{i=1}^{k} t_{i}+(n-k) t_{k}\right]$ .