中册 4.2 定积分计算 第8题
📝 题目
8.求下列积分.
(1) $\displaystyle \int_{\mathrm{e}}^{\mathrm{e}^{2}} \frac{\ln (\ln x)}{x \ln x} \mathrm{~d} x$ .
(2) $\displaystyle \int_{1}^{\mathrm{e}} \frac{1}{x\left(2+\ln ^{2} x\right)} \mathrm{d} x$ .
(3) $\displaystyle \int_{0}^{1} \frac{1}{\mathrm{e}^{x}+\mathrm{e}^{-x}} \mathrm{~d} x$ .
(4) $\int_{0}^{\ln 2} \sqrt{1-\mathrm{e}^{-2 x}} \mathrm{dx}$ 。
(5) $\int_{0}^{\ln 2} \sqrt{\mathrm{e}^{x}-1} \mathrm{~d} x$ 。
(6) $\displaystyle \int_{0}^{\ln 2} \frac{\sqrt{\mathrm{e}^{x}-1}}{\mathrm{e}^{x}} \mathrm{~d} x$ .
💡 答案解析
\section*{解题过程:}
(1)令 $t=\ln x$ ,则 $\displaystyle \int_{\mathrm{e}}^{\mathrm{e}^{2}} \frac{\ln (\ln x)}{x \ln x} \mathrm{~d} x=\int_{1}^{2} \frac{\ln t}{t} \mathrm{~d} t=\left.\frac{1}{2}(\ln t)^{2}\right|_{1} ^{2}=\frac{1}{2}(\ln 2)^{2}$ .
(2)令 $\displaystyle t=\frac{\ln x}{\sqrt{2}}$ ,则 $\displaystyle \int_{1}^{\mathrm{e}} \frac{\mathrm{d} x}{x\left(2+\ln ^{2} x\right)}=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}} \int_{0}^{\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}} \frac{1}{1+t^{2}} \mathrm{~d} t=\left.\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}} \arctan t\right|_{0} ^{\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}}=\frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} \arctan \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}$ .
(3) $\displaystyle \int_{0}^{1} \frac{1}{\mathrm{e}^{x}+\mathrm{e}^{-x}} \mathrm{~d} x=\int_{0}^{1} \frac{1}{\mathrm{e}^{2 x}+1} \mathrm{~d}\left(\mathrm{e}^{x}\right)=\left.\arctan \mathrm{e}^{x}\right|_{0} ^{1}=\arctan \mathrm{e}-\frac{\pi}{4}$ .
(4)设 $u=\sqrt{1-\mathrm{e}^{-2 x}}$ ,则
$$
\int_{0}^{\ln 2} \sqrt{1-\mathrm{e}^{-2 x}} \mathrm{~d} x=\int_{0}^{\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}} u \frac{u}{1-u^{2}} \mathrm{~d} u=\left.\left(-u+\frac{1}{2} \ln \frac{1+u}{1-u}\right)\right|_{0} ^{\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}}=-\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}+\ln (2+\sqrt{3})
$$
(5)设 $u=\sqrt{\mathrm{e}^{x}-1}$ ,则
$$
\int_{0}^{\ln 2} \sqrt{\mathrm{e}^{x}-1} \mathrm{~d} x=2 \int_{0}^{1} \frac{u^{2}}{u^{2}+1} \mathrm{~d} u=2 \int_{0}^{1}\left(1-\frac{1}{u^{2}+1}\right) \mathrm{d} u=2 \int_{0}^{1} \mathrm{~d} u-2 \int_{0}^{1} \frac{1}{u^{2}+1} \mathrm{~d} u=2-\frac{\pi}{2}
$$
(6)设 $u=\sqrt{\mathrm{e}^{x}-1}$ ,则 $\displaystyle \int_{0}^{\ln 2} \frac{\sqrt{\mathrm{e}^{x}-1}}{\mathrm{e}^{x}} \mathrm{~d} x=2 \int_{0}^{1} \frac{t^{2}}{\left(1+t^{2}\right)^{2}} \mathrm{~d} t=-\int_{0}^{1} t \mathrm{~d}\left(\frac{1}{1+t^{2}}\right)=-\frac{1}{2}+\frac{\pi}{4}$ .
📋 详细解题步骤
步骤 1/11
目标:第(1)题:换元法化简积分
令 $t = \ln x$,则 $\mathrm{d}t = \frac{1}{x}\mathrm{d}x$,且当 $x = \mathrm{e}$ 时 $t = 1$,当 $x = \mathrm{e}^2$ 时 $t = 2$。原积分化为 $\int_{1}^{2} \frac{\ln t}{t} \mathrm{d}t$。
公式:$\int \frac{\ln t}{t} \mathrm{d}t = \frac{1}{2}(\ln t)^2 + C$
提示:注意换元时积分上下限的对应关系。
步骤 2/11
目标:第(1)题:计算积分
计算 $\int_{1}^{2} \frac{\ln t}{t} \mathrm{d}t = \left. \frac{1}{2}(\ln t)^2 \right|_{1}^{2} = \frac{1}{2}(\ln 2)^2 - \frac{1}{2}(\ln 1)^2 = \frac{1}{2}(\ln 2)^2$。
提示:$\ln 1 = 0$,不要忘记。
步骤 3/11
目标:第(2)题:换元法化简积分
令 $t = \frac{\ln x}{\sqrt{2}}$,则 $\mathrm{d}t = \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}x}\mathrm{d}x$,即 $\frac{\mathrm{d}x}{x} = \sqrt{2} \mathrm{d}t$。当 $x=1$ 时 $t=0$,当 $x=\mathrm{e}$ 时 $t = \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}$。原积分化为 $\int_{0}^{\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}} \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2+2t^2} \mathrm{d}t = \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}} \int_{0}^{\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}} \frac{1}{1+t^2} \mathrm{d}t$。
公式:$\int \frac{1}{1+t^2} \mathrm{d}t = \arctan t + C$
提示:注意换元后分母的处理:$2+\ln^2 x = 2(1+t^2)$。
步骤 4/11
目标:第(2)题:计算积分
计算 $\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}} \int_{0}^{\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}} \frac{1}{1+t^2} \mathrm{d}t = \left. \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}} \arctan t \right|_{0}^{\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}} = \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}} \arctan \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}} = \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} \arctan \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}$。
提示:结果化简为 $\frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} \arctan \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}$。
步骤 5/11
目标:第(3)题:变形后直接积分
原积分 $\int_{0}^{1} \frac{1}{\mathrm{e}^x + \mathrm{e}^{-x}} \mathrm{d}x = \int_{0}^{1} \frac{\mathrm{e}^x}{\mathrm{e}^{2x}+1} \mathrm{d}x = \int_{0}^{1} \frac{1}{\mathrm{e}^{2x}+1} \mathrm{d}(\mathrm{e}^x)$。令 $u = \mathrm{e}^x$,则 $\mathrm{d}u = \mathrm{e}^x \mathrm{d}x$,积分限 $x=0 \to u=1$,$x=1 \to u=\mathrm{e}$,原积分化为 $\int_{1}^{\mathrm{e}} \frac{1}{u^2+1} \mathrm{d}u = \left. \arctan u \right|_{1}^{\mathrm{e}} = \arctan \mathrm{e} - \arctan 1 = \arctan \mathrm{e} - \frac{\pi}{4}$。
公式:$\int \frac{1}{u^2+1} \mathrm{d}u = \arctan u + C$
提示:注意 $\arctan 1 = \frac{\pi}{4}$。
步骤 6/11
目标:第(4)题:三角换元
令 $u = \sqrt{1-\mathrm{e}^{-2x}}$,则 $u^2 = 1-\mathrm{e}^{-2x}$,$\mathrm{e}^{-2x} = 1-u^2$,两边取微分得 $-2\mathrm{e}^{-2x}\mathrm{d}x = -2u\mathrm{d}u$,即 $\mathrm{e}^{-2x}\mathrm{d}x = u\mathrm{d}u$。又 $\mathrm{d}x = \frac{u\mathrm{d}u}{\mathrm{e}^{-2x}} = \frac{u\mathrm{d}u}{1-u^2}$。当 $x=0$ 时 $u=0$,当 $x=\ln 2$ 时 $u=\sqrt{1-\mathrm{e}^{-2\ln 2}} = \sqrt{1-\frac{1}{4}} = \frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}$。原积分化为 $\int_{0}^{\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}} u \cdot \frac{u}{1-u^2} \mathrm{d}u = \int_{0}^{\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}} \frac{u^2}{1-u^2} \mathrm{d}u$。
公式:$\frac{u^2}{1-u^2} = -1 + \frac{1}{1-u^2}$
提示:注意换元时 $\mathrm{d}x$ 的表达式推导。
步骤 7/11
目标:第(4)题:计算积分
计算 $\int_{0}^{\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}} \frac{u^2}{1-u^2} \mathrm{d}u = \int_{0}^{\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}} \left(-1 + \frac{1}{1-u^2}\right) \mathrm{d}u = \left. \left(-u + \frac{1}{2} \ln \frac{1+u}{1-u} \right) \right|_{0}^{\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}} = -\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2} + \frac{1}{2} \ln \frac{1+\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}}{1-\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}} = -\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2} + \frac{1}{2} \ln \frac{2+\sqrt{3}}{2-\sqrt{3}} = -\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2} + \ln(2+\sqrt{3})$。
公式:$\int \frac{1}{1-u^2} \mathrm{d}u = \frac{1}{2} \ln \left| \frac{1+u}{1-u} \right| + C$
提示:注意化简 $\frac{1}{2} \ln \frac{2+\sqrt{3}}{2-\sqrt{3}} = \ln(2+\sqrt{3})$。
步骤 8/11
目标:第(5)题:换元法
令 $u = \sqrt{\mathrm{e}^x-1}$,则 $u^2 = \mathrm{e}^x-1$,$\mathrm{e}^x = u^2+1$,两边微分得 $\mathrm{e}^x \mathrm{d}x = 2u \mathrm{d}u$,即 $\mathrm{d}x = \frac{2u}{u^2+1} \mathrm{d}u$。当 $x=0$ 时 $u=0$,当 $x=\ln 2$ 时 $u=\sqrt{2-1}=1$。原积分化为 $\int_{0}^{1} u \cdot \frac{2u}{u^2+1} \mathrm{d}u = 2 \int_{0}^{1} \frac{u^2}{u^2+1} \mathrm{d}u = 2 \int_{0}^{1} \left(1 - \frac{1}{u^2+1}\right) \mathrm{d}u$。
公式:$\frac{u^2}{u^2+1} = 1 - \frac{1}{u^2+1}$
提示:注意 $\mathrm{d}x$ 的表达式。
步骤 9/11
目标:第(5)题:计算积分
计算 $2 \int_{0}^{1} \left(1 - \frac{1}{u^2+1}\right) \mathrm{d}u = 2 \left[ \int_{0}^{1} 1 \mathrm{d}u - \int_{0}^{1} \frac{1}{u^2+1} \mathrm{d}u \right] = 2 \left[ \left. u \right|_{0}^{1} - \left. \arctan u \right|_{0}^{1} \right] = 2(1 - \frac{\pi}{4}) = 2 - \frac{\pi}{2}$。
提示:注意 $\arctan 1 = \frac{\pi}{4}$。
步骤 10/11
目标:第(6)题:换元法
令 $u = \sqrt{\mathrm{e}^x-1}$,同第(5)题有 $\mathrm{d}x = \frac{2u}{u^2+1} \mathrm{d}u$,且 $\mathrm{e}^x = u^2+1$。原积分化为 $\int_{0}^{1} \frac{u}{u^2+1} \cdot \frac{2u}{u^2+1} \mathrm{d}u = 2 \int_{0}^{1} \frac{u^2}{(u^2+1)^2} \mathrm{d}u$。
提示:注意被积函数中分母 $\mathrm{e}^x = u^2+1$。
步骤 11/11
目标:第(6)题:分部积分法
计算 $2 \int_{0}^{1} \frac{u^2}{(u^2+1)^2} \mathrm{d}u$。令 $v = u$,$\mathrm{d}w = \frac{u}{(u^2+1)^2} \mathrm{d}u$,则 $\mathrm{d}v = \mathrm{d}u$,$w = -\frac{1}{2(u^2+1)}$。分部积分得:$2 \left[ \left. -\frac{u}{2(u^2+1)} \right|_{0}^{1} + \int_{0}^{1} \frac{1}{2(u^2+1)} \mathrm{d}u \right] = 2 \left[ -\frac{1}{4} + \frac{1}{2} \left. \arctan u \right|_{0}^{1} \right] = 2 \left( -\frac{1}{4} + \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{\pi}{4} \right) = -\frac{1}{2} + \frac{\pi}{4}$。
公式:$\int \frac{u}{(u^2+1)^2} \mathrm{d}u = -\frac{1}{2(u^2+1)} + C$
提示:注意分部积分公式 $\int v \mathrm{d}w = vw - \int w \mathrm{d}v$。
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