下册 8.1 二重积分 第9题
📝 题目
9.计算下列二重积分.
(1) $\iint_{D} \sqrt{1-x^{2}-y^{2}} \mathrm{~d} x \mathrm{~d} y$ ,其中 $D: x^{2}+y^{2} \leqslant x$ 。
(2) $\iint_{D} \sqrt{9-x^{2}-y^{2}} \mathrm{~d} x \mathrm{~d} y$ ,其中 $D=\left\{(x, y) \mid y \geqslant 0, x^{2}+y^{2} \leqslant 3 x\right\}$ 。
(3) $\displaystyle \iint_{D} \frac{\mathrm{~d} x \mathrm{~d} y}{\sqrt{x^{2}+y^{2}} \sqrt{4-x^{2}-y^{2}}}$ ,其中 $D$ 是由圆 $x^{2}+(y+1)^{2}=1$ 与直线 $y=-x$ 围成的小部分区域.
(4) $\iint_{D} \sqrt{x^{2}+y^{2}} \mathrm{~d} x \mathrm{~d} y$ ,其中 $D$ 是由曲线 $(x-a)^{2}+y^{2}=a^{2}(y>0),(x-2 a)^{2}+y^{2}=4 a^{2}(y>0)$ 及 $y=x$ 所围成的区域.
💡 答案解析
\section*{解题过程:}
(1)如图8.24 所示,令 $x=r \cos \theta, y=r \sin \theta$ ,则
D 变成 $\displaystyle D^{\prime}:-\frac{\pi}{2} \leqslant \theta \leqslant \frac{\pi}{2}, 0 \leqslant r \leqslant \cos \theta,|J|=r$ .
于是
$$
\begin{aligned}
\iint_{D} \sqrt{1-x^{2}-y^{2}} \mathrm{~d} x \mathrm{~d} y & =\int_{-\frac{\pi}{2}}^{\frac{\pi}{2}} \mathrm{~d} \theta \int_{0}^{\cos \theta} \sqrt{1-r^{2}} \cdot r \mathrm{~d} r \\
& =\left.2 \int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{2}}\left[-\frac{1}{2}\left(1-r^{2}\right)^{\frac{3}{2}} \cdot \frac{2}{3}\right]\right|_{0} ^{\cos \theta} \mathrm{d} \theta \\
& =\frac{2}{3} \int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{2}}\left(1-\sin ^{3} \theta\right) \mathrm{d} \theta=\frac{1}{3}\left(\pi-\frac{4}{3}\right)
\end{aligned}
$$
\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[alt={},max width=\textwidth]{https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/468aa2e6-2fe6-41d5-b96d-487ad792954d-132.jpg?height=968&width=996&top_left_y=6837&top_left_x=4268}
\captionsetup{labelformat=empty}
\caption{图8.24}
\end{figure}
(2)如图8.24 所示,令 $x=r \cos \theta, y=r \sin \theta$ ,则 $D$ 变成 $\displaystyle 0 \leqslant \theta \leqslant \frac{\pi}{2}, 0 \leqslant r \leqslant 3 \cos \theta$ 。于是
$$
\begin{aligned}
\iint_{D} \sqrt{9-x^{2}-y^{2}} \mathrm{~d} x \mathrm{~d} y & =\int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{2}} \mathrm{~d} \theta \int_{0}^{3 \cos \theta} \sqrt{9-r^{2}} \cdot r \mathrm{~d} r=\left.\int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{2}}\left[-\frac{1}{2}\left(9-r^{2}\right)^{\frac{3}{2}} \cdot \frac{2}{3}\right]\right|_{0} ^{3 \cos \theta} \mathrm{~d} \theta \\
& =9 \int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{2}}\left(1-\sin ^{3} \theta\right) \mathrm{d} \theta=\frac{9 \pi}{2}-6 .
\end{aligned}
$$
(3)如图 8.25 所示,令 $x=r \cos \theta, y=r \sin \theta$ ,则 $D$ 变成 $\displaystyle -\frac{\pi}{4} \leqslant \theta \leqslant 0,0 \leqslant r \leqslant-2 \sin \theta$ .于是
$$
\iint_{D} \frac{\mathrm{~d} x \mathrm{~d} y}{\sqrt{x^{2}+y^{2}} \sqrt{4-x^{2}-y^{2}}}=\int_{-\frac{\pi}{4}}^{0} \mathrm{~d} \theta \int_{0}^{-2 \sin \theta} \frac{1}{\sqrt{4-r^{2}}} \mathrm{~d} r=-\int_{-\frac{\pi}{4}}^{0} \theta \mathrm{~d} \theta=\frac{\pi^{2}}{32} .
$$
\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[alt={},max width=\textwidth]{https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/468aa2e6-2fe6-41d5-b96d-487ad792954d-133.jpg?height=940&width=1023&top_left_y=2859&top_left_x=1305}
\captionsetup{labelformat=empty}
\caption{图8.25}
\end{figure}
\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[alt={},max width=\textwidth]{https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/468aa2e6-2fe6-41d5-b96d-487ad792954d-133.jpg?height=926&width=1320&top_left_y=2873&top_left_x=3218}
\captionsetup{labelformat=empty}
\caption{图8.26}
\end{figure}
(4)如图8.26 所示,令 $x=r \cos \theta, y=r \sin \theta$ ,则 $D$ 变成 $\displaystyle \frac{\pi}{4} \leqslant \theta \leqslant \frac{\pi}{2}, 2 a \cos \theta \leqslant r \leqslant 4 a \cos \theta$ .因此
$$
\iint_{D} \sqrt{x^{2}+y^{2}} \mathrm{~d} x \mathrm{~d} y=\int_{\frac{\pi}{2}}^{\frac{\pi}{2}} \mathrm{~d} \theta \int_{2 a \cos \theta}^{4 a \cos \theta} r^{2} \mathrm{~d} r=\frac{56}{3} a^{3} \int_{\frac{\pi}{4}}^{\frac{\pi}{2}} \cos ^{3} \theta \mathrm{~d} \theta=\frac{14}{9}(8+5 \sqrt{2}) a^{3} .
$$
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